The Hunger Games Essay Example for Free

The hunger Games EssayIn this Action-Drama Feature novel, Katniss Everdeen, A success from the first novel the hunger games. Has fought her way through death itself. In which brings us to part two and when she fights to the death and becomes victor. Her worst enemy president ampere-second captures really angry with her. n the first hunger games when Katniss was in the arena she started a small rebellion by getting some poisonous berries with herself and her associate Peeta Mellark decided they where going to eat them some poisnious berrys so they wouldnt have to kill each other while they was interupped by the government. Little did they know Katniss and Peeta was scratch a rebeillon which brings us to novel three The Mocking Jay Katniss is in the lost district 13.District 13 capture Katniss and 2 other tributes that was in the Hunger Games But instead of imprisoned them they decide to Make Katniss the Leader of the army, Beetus as the weapons designer Leader, rewarded Fin nick with his own army, Gail Was Katniss assistance but while these tributes try to plan thither attack on the capitol, the capitol is torturing the other people from districts all over except district two Because of the alliance there so Katniss Has to come up with a scheme to help those in need while bringing the government down so they can have the total freedom they been bit the government for decades now.This is a great novel for readers at above reading average also for people who like drama intense action and a little love story here and there. I also enjoy reading part of this book except it takes an awfully long time to get to the point of what they are trying to say or explain but other than that it was a good story that enjoy.

Strengths of the biological model Essay Example for Free

Strengths of the biologic specimen EssayAnti-depressants usually take a a couple of(prenominal) weeks to take a crap an effect and divided into three classes the first organism Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) which embroil phenelzine (Nardil), the second be Tricyclics which include amitriptyline (Elavil) and open generally stick fewer human face cause than the monoamine oxidase inhibitors and the third class are Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) which are the sunrise(prenominal)est class of antidepressants, include paroxetine (Paxil), fluoxetine (Prozac), and sertraline (Zoloft).Antidepressants are typically prescribed for depression, anxiety, phobias and obsessive-compulsive discommodes. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors and Tricyclics increase the level of the neurotransmitters norepinephrine and serotonin in the head teacher whilst Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors increase the level of serotonin only. Whilst antidepressants are non addicti ve, they often have side make such as headache, dry mouth, constipation, nausea, weight gain, and feelings of restlessness. Of the three classes of antidepressants, MAOIs generally have the most side effects, many state who take MAOIs also have to restrict their diet, because MAOIs interact negatively with foods that contain the amino acid tyramine, such as beer and nearly cheeses and meats. SSRIs have fewer side effects than the other two classes of antidepressants. However, SSRIs can cause sexual dysfunction and if they are discontinued abruptly, withdrawal symptoms occur.Antipsychotic DrugsAntipsychotic drugs are mainly utilize to treat mental health conditions such as schizophrenia and other psychoses, agitation, severe anxiety, mania and violent or dangerously freakish demeanor. They include chlorpromazine (Thorazine), thioridazine (Mellaril) and haloperidol (Haldol) and usually begin to take effect a few days after they are administered. Antipsychotic drugs abase sensit ivity to irrelevant stimuli by limiting the activity of the neurotransmitter dopamine. Many antipsychotic drugs are most useful for treating positive symptoms of schizophrenia, such as hallucinations and delusions.However, a new class of antipsychotic drugs, called atypical antipsychotic drugs also help treat the negative symptoms of schizophrenia. They reduce the activity of both dopamine and serotonin. Atypical antipsychotic drugs include clozapine (Clozaril), olanzapine (Zyprexa), and quetiapine (Seroquel). Atypical antipsychotic drugs can sometimes be effective for schizophrenia perseverings who have not responded to the older antipsychotic drugs, however side effects include drowsiness, constipation, dry mouth, tremors, muscle rigidity and coordination problems. These side effects often make pile stop taking the medications and this frequently results in a throwback of schizophrenia.A more than serious side effect is late dyskinesia, a usually permanent neurological condit ion characterized by involuntary movements. To avoid later(prenominal) dyskinesia the dosage of antipsychotics has to be carefully monitored. The atypical antipsychotics have fewer side effects than the older antipsychotic drugs and are less likely to cause tardive dyskinesia. In addition, relapse rates are lower if people continue to take the drug. However, the relapse rate is higher with these drugs if people discontinue the drug as they assume they are now well and in that locationfore do not need to take them.LithiumOne drug used in the handling of bipolar disorders is atomic military issue 3, it prevents mood swings in people with bipolar disorders. Researchers have suggested that lithium may affect the action of norepinephrine or glutamate. As with all drugs there are side effects, lithium can cause tremors or long-term kidney damage in some people. Doctors must carefully monitor the level of lithium in a patient ofs blood. A level that is too low is ineffective, and a le vel that is too high can be toxic. Discontinuing lithium treatment abruptly can increase the risk of relapse. Recently developed alternatives to lithium include the drugs carbamazepine (Tegretol) and divalproex (Depakote).Electroconvulsive Therapy ( electroshock therapy)ECT is a treatment for a small number of severe mental illnesses. It was originally developed in the 1930s and was used widely during the 1950s and 1960s for a variety of conditions. It is now clear that ECT should only be used in a smaller number of more serious conditions. ECT consists of passing an electrical current through the brain to produce an epileptic fit hence the name, electro-convulsive. The idea developed from the observation that, in the days before there was any kind of effective medication, some people with depression or schizophrenia, and who also had epilepsy, seemed to feel better after having a fit. Research suggests that the effect is due to the fit rather than the electrical current. Electrod es are placed on the patients head over the temporal lobes of the brain.Anaesthetics and muscle relaxants help minimize discomfort to the patient, while an electric current is delivered for roughly one second. The patient has a convulsive seizure and becomes unconscious, awakening after about an hour. The typical number of ECT sessions varies from six to twenty, and they are usually do while a patient is hospitalized. The National Institute of Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) have looked in detail at the use of ECT and have recommended that it should be used only in depression, resistant mania or catatonia. They say ECT should be considered for acute treatment of severe depression that is vitality threatening and when a rapid response is required, or when other treatments have failed. It should not be used routinely in moderate depression, but should be considered for people with moderate depression if their depression has not responded to multiple drug treatments and psycho logical treatment.PsychosurgeryAs a last resort when drugs and ECT have failed psychosurgery is an option, it fundamentally involves either cutting out brain nerve fibres or burning parts of the nerves that are thought to be involved in the disorder while the patient is conscious. The most common form of psychosurgery is a prefrontal lobotomy. Unfortunately these operations have a nasty tendency to leave the patient vegetablised or numb with a flat personality, shuffling movements etc. due to their inaccuracy. Antnio Egas Moniz discovered the lobotomy in 1935 after successfully snatching out bits of chimpanzees brains.It didnt take long for him to get the message that his revolutionary treatment was not so perfect, in 1944 a rather dissatisfied patient called his name in the street and shot him in the spine, paralysing him for life. As a consolation he received the Nobel prize for his contribution to science in 1949.Surgery is used only as a last resort where the patient has failed to respond to other forms of treatment and their disorder is very severe. This is because all surgery is risky and the effects of neurosurgery can be unpredictable and there may be no benefit to the patient and the effects are irreversible.Strengths of the biological modelThe main persuasiveness of the model is that drugs have been successfully used to treat a wide variety of mental disorders, they have allowed people the chance to live independently and as normal life as possible without having to stay in hospital which prior to drug treatment was the only option. Where other therapies have failed, drugs have been successful, it has revolutionised the treatment of people with schizophrenia.Drugs have helped people improve sufficiently to allow psychotherapy and allow them a chance to gain insight into their illness. Drugs have also take a appearance the stigma surrounding people with mental health issues so they are not blamed for being ill or accused of being possessed. other s trength of the biological approach is that it is very scientific, as the experiments used are measurable, objective and can be repeated to test for reliability. Also, the researcher has more obtain over the variables which is evident in Selyes study of rats which led to him developing the theory of General Adaptation Syndrome. The biological approach is also deterministic and increases the likelihood of being able to treat people with mental issue and provides explanations about the causes of behaviour, this understanding can then be used to improve peoples lives.WeaknessesOne of the major weaknesses of the model is the side effects associated with drug or chemotherapy, as previously mentioned when outlining the different classes of drugs available. Most of these drugs can also cause dependency where people cannot cope without them and in some cases tolerance where the drugs actually have little or no effect. Its also important to note that some other therapies may be ignored as bu sy doctors will prescribe medication rather than seek alternative means of helping the patient cope, in some cases people suffering from the stresses of daily life may be prescribed medication when exercise or relaxation could be more effective. Drug therapy also does not work for everyone such as people suffering from negative symptoms of schizophrenia where they have motivation or as it is more commonly known as Flatness of affectAnother weakness of the biological model is that it focuses too much on the nature side of the nature v nurture debate. It argues that behaviour is caused by hormones, neurotransmitters and genetics. One theory is that schizophrenia is genetic, however, Bouchard and McGue (1981) twin studies show that it is not completely genetic and the environment has a part to play.Another weakness of the biological approach is that it develops theories about disorders and generalises them to apply to everyone. It does not take into account the view that humans are uni que. An example of this is that General Adaptation Syndrome assumes that everyone responds in the same way to stress but does not take into account that some people have more support than others. Szasz criticised drug treatment as inappropriate, rather people had a problem with living and therefore pills werent the solution.ConclusionWhilst all the approaches have been criticised, they all offer some form of therapy which has positive benefits for the patient and more importantly in some cases have worked hand in hand with other therapies to help people live better lives. None of them can be overlooked as they are beneficial to some extent.ReferencesMcLeod, S. A. (2010). Behavioral Therapy. Retrieved fromhttp//www.simplypsychology.org

Strategies to Implement Ethical Practices in India

Strategies to Implement respectable Practices in IndiaINTRODUCTIONWhat is object lesson philosophy?Ethics is a branch of Philosophy which addresses questions to the highest degree object lessone i.e about concepts mor on the wholey what is good or bad , reform or wrong etc. An estimable statement can assert that some particular thing or action is right or may be wrong. Ethics can bring about the difference surrounded by good and bad characters or dispositions. It may propound few principles which help in much detailed judgments of these sorts, might be inferred for example that we ought al moods aim at the command happiness or try to minimize the total suffering of all sentient beings. That it is correct for e trulyone to look after themselves. Every such statement expresses ethical judgments of different degrees of generality. J L Mackie 1977 employment ethicsBusiness ethics is that which examines ethical principles, lessona or ethical problems that arise in a work en vironment. It applies to all aspects of vexation conduct and is germane(predicate) to the conduct of someones and vocation organizations as a whole. http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_ethics,nd)Origin of EthicsThe systematic study of what is morally right or wrong can determine that ethics might guide originated when humans started to lead the best way of life. This reflective stage emerged once morality creeped into the human society, usually in the form of ordinary standards of right and wrong conduct. Such customs lead this process of reflection, redden if it found them waiting. Ethics too began to come into the picture with the invent of moral codes. http//www.britannica.com/EBchecked/ melodic theme/194023/ethicsThe history of Business ethics can vary depending on the situation or the object under discussion. The history withal depends a lot on the historian, the way he or she conceives the subject, what facts he or she perceiveks to discover or has at hand, and the relative importance the historian gives to those facts. The term disdain ethics is employ in a lot of different ways. In this broad sense the application of everyday moral or ethical norms to business can be considered as Business ethics. ( De George, nd), Many business soulfulnesss argon strongly influenced by their religious beliefs and the ethical norms that they have been taught as part of their religion, and apply these norms in their business activities. Business ethics focuses on the moral or ethical actions of individuals. Many battalion discussing business ethics, immediately resort to examples of immoral or wrong action at law by individuals or by an organization. It also includes the criticism of multinational corporations which make use of child labor or pay very beginning return to employees in little developed countries or who utilize suppliers that run sweat shops.Chandra and Pai (2009) explain that for every individual thither ar certain factors that affec t the way an individual take decisions. They feel that power, centralization of workflow, substitutability of activities, uncertainty of inputs and routinization are the various factors are responsible for controlling the ethical contingencies of any individual. A general framework was being produced by Flanagan (2009) regarding the ethical decision qualification process. He believes that the characteristics of the decision maker which includes motivation, locus of control, ego strength, chouseledge, experience, risk taking abilities, Machiavellianism, etc. and the stand foringful influences such as the organization, work, law, economics, professionalism, technology, family, friends or other opinion leaders are responsible for any decision outcome. These outcomes can be in the form of rewards, performance, satisfaction, feedback, advance or learning.Aims and objectives of the ResearchFind out the level of ethical awareness amongst the employees in orphic and public sector com panies.Comparison of ethical behavior between private and public sector employeesRole of management in improving ethical behaviours.To what extent the employees in the public and private sector organisation register the intensity of rapeion.How can an employee define corruption in his bear terms?what are the measures taken by the management to educate the employees about the wrong behaviour?BACKGROUNDThe Indian industrial sector opened up in late 1990s when the various developed countries entered India through modes desire FDI etc ,with the relaxation of rules and modifications do in the foreign policies along with the age of outsourcing and pass with flying colors in IT and BPO sectors , lot of foreign companies outsourced their processes to the developing countries e finically to India and China .private sector banks were allowed to enter into India. when the banking space in India was already overcrowded with a number of public sector banks, private sector banks, and co- operative banks.Foreign multinational banks, which were growth-constrained, were also waiting eagerly for the sector to open up further in 2009 to make a major foray into this emerging market. now t here(predicate) was scenario where in loans were available at a very less interest rates. The spending ability of the people change magnitude and the spent much than what they actually earned ,by availing the easily available loans now they bought cars and pent houses which, prior to the Banking boom was just a dream for them. This at a small level increased the corruption in the private sector banks as the executives who sanctioned the loans to these people actually amplified the income of the people on papers through fake documents who asked for loans and inturn expected a percentage of loan as kickback for themselves .this was very common at the micro level in the developing nations notwithstanding as we go to the macro level there has been an absolute devastation of ethics and hi gher levels of corruption. there have been many a books which have been written on ethics and corruption , everyday we read in news papers articles, journals about companies and government agencies who are found guilty in scams. With respect to literature on ethics and corruption its a sea out there. Where the data from which can be inculcated here in the research is very less, as there are several life experiences which can just be an eye opener, which cannot be found in books or have references.Ethical TheoriesDifferent ethical theories involve differing procedures, implications, and justifications. Ethical theories are based on ethical principles, they emphasize on different aspects of an ethical dilemma. They also lead to ethically correct resolution staying within the guidelines of ethical theories.DeontologyIn this speculation emphasizing ones principal(prenominal) duty is what is considered ethically correct. This theory illustrates that, musical composition analyzing an e thical dilemma, people should strictly deliver the goods their obligations and duties.(Rainbow C,1996,pp372) For instance, a deontologist will always keep his promises to a friend and will follow the law. A person who follows this theory will produce very consistent decisions since they will be based on the individuals set duties. Specific people are allowd with a basis for special duties and obligations in this theory. For example, an older brother may have an obligation to protect his little sister when they cross a busy road together. (http//www.bio.davidson.edu/people/kabernd/Indep/carainbow/Theories.htm UtilitarianismThe utilitarian ethical theory was based on the capability of predicting the consequences of an action. To an utilitarian, the choice that is ethically correct is the option that provides the greatest benefit to the most people. (Mill S 1963)One benefit of this ethical theory is that the utilitarian can compare similar predicted solutions and use a dose system t o determine which choice is more beneficial for more people. This point system provides a logical and rationale argument for each decision and allows a person to use it on a case-by-case context. (Mill S 1963) in that respect are two types of utilitarianism, act utilitarianism and rule utilitarianism. Act utilitarianism adheres exactly to the definition of utilitarianism as described in the preceding(prenominal) section. In act utilitarianism, a person performs the acts that benefit the most people, regardless of face-to-face feelings or the societal constraints such as laws. Rule utilitarianism, however, takes into account the law and is concerned with fairness. Rule utilitarianism benefits are that it observe justice and also includes the beneficence at the selfsame(prenominal) time. Most people are benefitted through the fairest and most just means in rule utilitarian.Ethical theories in private and public sector companies Different ethical perceptions, principles and judgme nts developed as a result of the differences between public and private-sector organizations. (Sampford C,1998) Unified ethic is instructional and makes possible careful analysis of the proper place of public sector ethics in the context of business, higher education, health care, and law. The public administrators are well-suited to dish up as moral exemplars for other professions and for all citizens. . (Sampford C,1998) The notion that public service ought to be the model for ethical conduct in the professions (sooner than the other way around) is tolerable and provokes new thinking about moral agency and ethics. (Preston N,2002)They provide the necessary foundation for studying public sector ethics by focusing on traditional models arising from moral philosophy. The unified ethic illuminates ethical implications of public administration. It also constructs and culminates by offering an alternative framework for studying ethics. Reay (2009) defines ethics as a set of principles concerning proper conduct. But many authors believe that the definition of ethics changes from one individual to another or from one business to another and everyone has his own definition of ethics depending upon their own set of moral conducts. It is believed that the moral code is essentially ones own sense of what is right and what is wrong, or what is acceptable and what is not acceptable. in that respect are those who think that this moral code should be the same for everyone but it simply cannot be, because all think differently, and all have different upbringings, backgrounds, and experiences. But ethical code of conduct matters to us in every field of life in todays world.The salient features of established ethics models deontological, teleological, intuitionism and virtue theory are combine to make public administration a moral enterprise. It is a moral enterprise because its sole purpose is to serve public values and public purposes. chaste agency is a part of the pr ofession of public administration. In other words, public administrators must strive always to do that which is morally right. This becomes more all important(p) since public administrators are under greater public scrutiny than their private sector counterparts and are more than likely to be held accountable for the decisions they make. (Preston N,2002)Both political and administrative hold are embedded with ethical theories and so are inseparable from governance. (Anne Bois C,2000) says The prime importance of Citizens and public servants are to work towards the promotion, co-operative and meaningful relationships that involve moral examination, theoretical practice, Different Ethical decision-making models prompted differing ethical perceptions and different judgments. Better communication between factions of varying types is cookd by awareness of the comparative difference in the moral reasoning of public- and private-sector personnel. http//www.accessmylibrary.com/article-1G 1-20583851/do-public-sector-and.html. For example, one might expect oath-bound public administrators to be more deontological than other groups that are less constrained by oath and more move by collective interest, such as special interest groups or business representatives. One also might expect career officials to be more oriented to duty and principle than are elected officials who must keep consequences in mind for the sake of their own re election. Or it might mean that such personnel will administer both public and private policy with greater consistency and less capriciousness and will remain unbiassed in circumstances where general fairness frequently is challenged. It seeks to determine whether public- and private-sector personnel differ in their dispositions to exhibit consequentiality or deontological tendencies and, if so, the ways in which those dispositions might be manifest. To understand the nature of public administration these possibilities prove to be the decis ive factors. Understanding the ethical decision-making process and its moderating factors helps to incorporate ethics in private and public institutions.Ethical LeadershipEthical leadership is characterized by having good characters, getting to know ones core values and having the courage to live them in all parts life. http//www.businessballs.com/ethical_management_leadership.htm Foundations for various modern concepts for work, business and organizations are provided by Ethical principles. The modern concept of ethical organizations encompasses many related issues like corporate friendly responsibility (CSR) or simply social responsibility, fair-trade, sustainability, social enterprise, well-being at work and life balance and many more aspects of good modern leadership. There are no clear cut definitions or rules of ethics that can define them.The 4-V Model of Ethical Leadership explains the relationship between beliefs and values and behaviors and actions. The main purpose is t he advancement of the common good. The (Grace B,1999) model based on his formal leadership research and personal passions around faith and ethics. Leaders work to create an open, two-way conversation, thereby maintaining a charitable understanding of different mints, values, and constituents opinions. They are open to others opinions and ideas because they know those ideas make the organization they are leading better. By having the right values? or being a person of strong character,? the ethical leader can set the example for others and withstand any temptations that may run along the way. Without denying the importance of good character and the right values, the reality of ethical leadership is far more complex and the stakes are much higher.In every field of business, the ethical behavior is very important. But in the field of business services, the role of ethics is even greater as it is like a shot related to humans life. But Murthy (2007) reveals that for the economic and business benefits, some businessmen are neglecting their code of ethics. Although, Nundy (2000) argues that it is only a small portion of the businessmen who do not follow the code of ethics and are bringing a disgrace to the whole community of corporates but still unethical practices are vent on in different sectors in various forms.Carroll and Buchholtz (2008) explains that ethics is basically a discipline that deals with what is good and bad with moral duty and obligation and these sets of moral conducts are even true for the business systems in any part of the world. They divide the ethics into two key branches of moral philosophy as descriptive and normative ethics. They further explained descriptive ethics is a branch that is concerned with describing, characterizing and studying the morality of a people, an organization, a husbandry or a society. It also compares and contrasts different moral codes, systems, practices, beliefs and values. Therefore, in descriptive ethics, t he key focus remains on learning. But on the other hand, the normative ethics is concerned with furnish and justifying a coherent moral system of thinking and judging. This type of ethics seeks to uncover, develop and justify basic moral principles that are intended to guide behavior, actions and decisions. It is here that the business system, particularly in the developing countries, go wrong at following the normative ethics and they violate the ethical code of conduct for their individual benefits.Carroll and Buchholtz (2008) has explained three approaches to ethics as conventional approach (based on how normal society views ethics in todays environment), principles approach (based upon the use of ethics principles or guidelines to taper behavior, action and policies) and ethical tests approach (based on short practical questions to guide ethical decisions guiding the behavior). But seeing the business practices as a concern, the conventional approach to ethics is essentially an approach where one can compare a decision, practice or policy with prevailing norms of acceptability and say whether the practice followed is ethical or unethical.The conventional approach defines some of the sources of norms that come to bear on the individual and that might give an idea for the unethical behavior of the businessmen around the world today.The various sources that may influence a businessman to follow up an unethical practice may include family, friends, law, religious beliefs, society, employer, profession, culture and fellow workers. Each of these attributes contributes in one or the other way to force the business Enterprises to follow the unethical practices for their individual benefits either business or economic. One of possible example for motivating a professionals to follow unethical practices can be an urge to earn more money to satisfy the necessitate of the family members. This urge of getting more money leads him to follow unethical practices to ea rn quick money.But there exists a reason for the unethical behavior of the business Enterprises because whenever he or she makes a decision about what is being ethical (right, just, fair), the conventional approach comes into picture. The decision being taken consists of three elements where in the setoff step, the observation is of the decision, action and the existing practice in the workplace. After that the practice is compared with the prevailing norms of acceptability and then the recognition of the value judgments with the prevailing norms of acceptability. This means for the same set of actions, the two persons have different ways of looking it as they have different et of prevailing norms of acceptabilityThe diagram for ethical decision making gives a wider view for an individual decision regarding ethics. The diagrams depicts the business Enterprises following the unethical practices can be put in the area . This is an area where the corporates get a profit following the unethical practices but they need to be very cautious eyepatch doing the unethical work. The various business enterprises in the developing countries are ready to take such a risk because of the inefficient legal system in these countries. They take benefit of the existing lenient laws in these countries and follow the unethical practices to make quick money.The business enterprises usually follow the principle of Smiths Market Ethic which says that take selfish actions and be motivated by personal add-ons in business dealings. But as the reason of their actions for unethical behavior, they follow the Bentham/Mills Utilization Ethic Principle which asks an individual to determine whether the harm in an action is outweighed by the good. So, these parctioners have numerous reasons which can outweigh the unethical action by a good cause.Weaver (2009) reveals that a recent work conducted by the American Management Association and the Human Resource Institute identified the top three f actors that would cause people to break the ethical standards. The factors include the pressure to meet unrealistic objectives or deadlines, career advancement and protecting their livelihood. In case of the business Enterprises the later two reasons play a very important role for encouraging following the unethical practices. For establishing their practice in a very short span of time and for increasing the volumes of clients coming to recall them, these business Feiglstok (2009) supports the ethics in an organization by revealing that the benefits of being ethical greatly outweigh being non-ethical in business. There are push-down stack of reasons why being honest and truthful is the better decision to make. This includes the honesty towards work and various humanitarian reasons. He also believes that working for an organization in an ethical manner or working as individual for the profession in an ethical manner gives self satisfaction to an individual which cannot be obtained even if one earns good money by following the unethical practices.Unethical Practices in IndustryDecades back, business was considered as a good profession and approximately all corporates were not money minded people. But the time has changed and all wants to be established in their life very quickly and for that they will ingest the short cut. (Theyyunni, 2008). So, young and inexperienced business Enterprises have started following the path of short cut by taking the unethical path which is beneficial in terms of business as well as economics. Although Watts (2008) criticizes the unethical behavior of the business Enterprises by quoting Not All Money is Good Money but still it depends upon business Enterprises to take their own ethical decisions.In many of the developing countries, the staff employed in the public sector may also practice privately, either on their own account or working for owners of private facilities. This may be legal or may not be strictly legal or contro lled. Public offices may operate their own private offices and manage the income from them, or may allow work for private gain on their premises, as when corporates admit private clients and are paid directly by them. (Mills, Bennett, McPake, 1997) This overlapping of the private and public sectors gives birth to the existence of certain unethical practices for the personal benefits by certain individuals.Garretts principle of proportionality supports the view of the business Enterprises in developing countries around the world by saying these Enterprises have a proportional reason for the unethical practices which are very much needed along with the ethical practices that are followed. It believes one such proportionate reason is the low wage to business sector. Smith (1999) says that with reference to NHS in UK, the professional bodies and the government departments have a very little to say on these unethical practices. Nundy (2000) believes that to see how the public can be saf eguarded from an inefficient and often corrupt business system and receive comprehensive health care of a reasonable property is paramount.Unethical Practices in IndiaIndia has been ranked a lowly 74, two steps down since last year, among 180 countries of the world on the worldwide Corruption Perceptions mightiness (CPI), prepared by independent international agency Transparency International.However, corruption is much higher in Pakistan which occupies 140th place, a little below Iran, Libya and Nepal which are ranked 133, 134 and 135 respectively.Meanwhile, China which was ranked a joint 72 with India in 2007, slided a step down to occupy a place above its neighbour this year. Among other Asian countries, Russia is placed still lower on 145, while Sri Lanka occupies the 96th position and Maldives is ranked 90. ((http//www.expressindia.com/latest-news/Corruption-index-India-ranked-74/327777/With the fast development of various sectors in India, the unethical practices are also in creasing in the business sector in India. Sharma (2004) has clearly stated that there in an urgent need to overhaul and inflect the public sector in India. Apart from quacks and outright fakes, even qualified business practitioners know that they can get away with malpractice because clients do not know their rights. With the exponential growth of the private sector, there is an urgent need for regulation to protect users. (Sharma, 2004)Dev and Rao (2009) support the allegations of Sharma by quoting that the recent expansion of the private sector and the increased investment in the field of the curative services and the various sophisticated business equipments have increased the corruption in the private practices in the business sector in India. They explain that the payment to touts who get the clients for offices and to the corporates who refer clients has become a common practice in India Colclough (1997) explains boot to corporates who prescribe expensive investigations and procedures which are often unnecessary as another form of unethical practice and corruption in business sector in India. Dev and Rao (2009) criticize the unethical Indian corporates in the private sector putting them responsible for kickbacks, overbilling and expensive procedures.Phadke (2009) reveals though the client knows about the malpractice but he is afraid to bargain or to exhibition lack of trust because of the fear that this might adversely affect the persons attitude towards the client and in turn, may affect the quality of the service provided. The picture of the business sector gets more clear while having a look at the PEST Analysis done by Holtz (2008) who alleges the lower annual per capita ($ 20) spending of the Indian government on of the public sector i.e the healthcare and the under-developed private health insurance in India which spends only 1% of the total spending on healthcare as major political reasons for the unethical practices in IndiaSharma (2004) crit ically argues the claims made by the other authors and says that majority of the existence in the various developing countries is unenlightened about the governmental structure of business sector and moreover, the inaccessibility of the services in a rural area with densely populated areas can be treated as primary reasons for the increased importance of the business Enterprises which further leads to following up of unethical practices by few individuals. Holtz (2008) shares a different view and feels that low wages to employees and staff in government services are the primary reasons responsible for the existence of the unethical practices in the business sector. Cygnus Business Consulting Research Pvt. Ltd. (2008) criticizes the governments for having access to less high-tech equipments with them as compared to private organizations. One of the other important factors responsible for the unethical practice is due to lack of subcontract satisfaction as claimed by Wells (2007). Hertzberg (1959) has formulated a two-factor theory, which proposes motivators and hygienes as the two factors responsible for job satisfaction and dissatisfaction. The presence of motivators in the workplace caused imperishable states of motivation in employees but their absence did not lead to dissatisfaction.Wells (2007) establishes that the factors that are included as the Motivators are responsibility, recognition, promotion, achievement and intrinsic aspects of job while the factors the form the Hygienes are supervision, salary, work environment, company policies and the relationship with colleagues.The lack of the government motivation to the corporates and the parabusiness staff in the business sector can be considered as one of the most important factors for the use of unethical factors in treatment of clients in India. (Dev Rao, 2009) . To what extent the business Enterprises are following unethical practices and what are reasons for their unethical behavior is still the subject of research. So, this dissertation will try to find the answer of these questions. Moreover, in the existing research, it is still unclear whether which particular specialty is more unethical and demands for maximum commission. This dissertation will also try to establish such a relationship which can explain about the extent of commission practice existing in the business sector.CorruptionThe most disquieting aspect of the widespread corruption in India is the fact that it is not anymore hold to politicians or the government machinery alone. It is prevalent amongst almost every section of the society at every level.( N.S. Venkataraman, 2002). the fact is that most of the Indians are involved in corrupt practices in one way or the other, either due to greed or due to so called compulsion. In any case, the willingness to sacrifice for the sake of not getting involved in corrupt dealings is conspicuous by its absence amongst the most.Indian IT majors Satyam and Wipro , who w ere barred from World Bank projects for offering their blood to Bank officials, represent a miniscule problem compared to the kickbacks and commissions that go to government officials for approval of Bank projects. (Steve Berkman, 2009). Emergence of political elite who believe in interest-oriented rather than nation-oriented programmes and policies. Artificial scarcity created by the people with malevolent intentions wrecks the fabric of the economy. ( KOHLI, SURESH, 1975) say that Corruption is caused as well as increased because of the change in the value system and ethical qualities of men who administer. The old ideals of morality, service and honesty are regarded as an achronistic. Tolerance of people towards corruption, complete lack of intense public promulgate against corruption and the absence of strong public forum to oppose corruption allow corruption to reign over people. (John B, 1966) say that Vast size of population coupled with widespread illiteracy and the poor e conomic infrastructure lead to endemic corruption in public life. In a highly inflationary economy, low salaries of government officials compel them to resort to the road of corruption. Graduates from IIMs with no experience draw a far handsome salary than what government secretaries draw.Measures to combat corruption( John B, 1966) suggests that Foolproof laws should be made so that there is no room for discretion for politicians and bureaucrats. The role of the politician should be minimized. Application of the evolved policies should be go forth in the hands of independent commission or authority in each area of public interest. Decision of the commission or authority should be challengeable only in the courts. Cooperation of the people has to be obtained for successfully containing corruption.( KIMBERLY ANNED, 1997) People should have a right to recall the elected representatives if they see them becoming absent to the electorate. Funding of elections is at the core of politic al corruption. Electoral reforms are crucial in this regard. (SUSAN, 1999)Several reforms like State funding of election expenses for candidates strict enforcement of statutory requirements like holding in-party elections, making political parties get their accounts audited regularly and filing income-tax returns denying persons with criminal records a chance to contest elections, should be brought in.Responsiveness, accountability and transparency are a must for a clean system. (BRIAN E,1995) points at Bureaucracy, the backbone of good governance, should be made more citizen friendly, accountable, ethical and transparent. More and more courts should be opened for sprightly inexpensive justice so that cases linger in courts for years and justice is delivered on time. (HEATHER ,2003) Local bodies, Independent of the government, like Lokpals, Lokadalats, CVCs and Vigilance Commissions should be formed to provide speedy justice with low expenses. (MARIANNE M ,2003) shows us A new Fun damental Right viz. Right to Information should be introduced, which will pass the citizens to ask for the information they want. Barring some confidential information, which concerns national and international security, other information should be made available to general public as and when required. Stringent actions against corrupt officials will certainly have a deterrent impact.Scams and ScandalsA typical case of Aes corporation ,shell ,e

Outsourcing: Advantages and disadvantages

Outsourcing Advantages and disadvantagesOutsourcing, advantages and disadvantagesWrite a 2-3 page paper about outsourcing from the perspective of a multinational firm (Yes, this may be a hypothetical firm), be sure to answer the following questions 1. What are the advantages of outsourcing? 2. What are the disadvantages of outsourcing?As defined by Chase et al. (2004, 372), outsourcing is an act of moving some of a firms internal activities and decision responsibilities to outside providers. Others define outsourcing as the procurement of the organizations products or serve from external sources. around definitions of outsourcing describe it as referring to allocating or reallocating business activities from an internal source to an external source. The two basic organizations that are involved in the outsourcing agreement are the leaf node firm (the firm that outsources their internal business activities) and the outsource provider (the firm which provides outsourcing services to the lymph node firm). The client firm outsources business activities such as services, manufacturing activities, tasks and jobs.Outsourcing in an international context refers to the outsourcing activity between nations or between boundaries of two or more countries. It includes global outsourcing which involves many international, external firms. Although outsourcing is a new concept, it has been practise before and was referred to as subcontracting production activities. Outsourcing in an international context has been kn induce as a major driving force in the business world. The lucre has allowed firms all over the world to provide services which were not possible before referable to geographical limits. The Internet, together with the WorldWideWeb (WWW) has provided the connectivity that is necessary for the rapid growth of the outsourcing in an international context.Together with the growth of the Internet and WWW is the growth of international business. The passage of inte rnational trade agreements such as the 1993 North American openhanded Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and the World Trade Organization (WTO) and other international trade zones that arrest been established throughout the globe, governments preparing and allowing the greatest expansion of international business, low-priced computer and communication technology, have been major contributing factors in the enormous growth of international business.Is international outsourcing desirable or undesirable? There have been many views about outsourcing by multinational firms and a big debate is ongoing across the globe and people are affected by it. tune enterprises greatly support outsourcing but employee unions and politicians oppose it. There are many advantages and benefits that outsourcing can give to the home bucolics business undertakings as well as to the country wherefrom the services are being provided. Enjoying cost attractership is one of the ways to enjoy sustainable advantage in this very competitive business world. The scoop up way to achieve this is to outsource jobs. other advantage of outsourcing is to have greater control over the quality of the goods because they can demand from the many suppliers the excellent products/services at lower cost. The client firm has the advantage of deferred payment thereby creating more opportunities to spend their funds wisely and make it more profitable. Outsourcing can besides drive down wage and production costs. Another advantage of outsourcing to the client firm is that they dont need to buy raw materials, and stock them and other semi-finished products in the storage warehouse thereby saving on space, interest payments, godown charges, pilferage, and wastage. There is also a reduction of the number of people that are employed since the production is done in another place outside of the company. This situation also lowers the headache of union problems. The end result is that the client firm can focus on their union business matters and customer relationship management.Aside from bringing cost savings and an increase in profits to the client firm, outsourcing also brings benefits to the host country in terms of macro-economics.In Information Technology and other accounting tasks that are being outsourced, management of client firm allow for experience less heavy(p) expenses since they dont have to buy hardware and software, less management problems due to having the outsourcing company handle the staff providing the services.In terms of disadvantages of outsourcing, the main argument is the loss of jobs in the country of the client firm as the activities performed in the home country or organizations have been transferred to another location/s. Also, the culture clash that happens between the manufacturing client firm with those doing the outsourcing jobs results in each ones rejection of each ones culture. Another disadvantage is the decline in the labor rate and also, trade unionism gets a jolt due to outsourcing. The state has to pay allowances to the unemployed and all of these disadvantages create problems in society and to the industry side, quality may suffer in pursuit of cost reduction. Another disadvantage is that the client firm will have less managerial control so it will be harder to manage the outsourcing service provider than own employees. The client firm will also tend to depend on the outsourcing provider and if the provider goes out of business for whatever reason, then there is a need to go through a quick transition for another service provider, or find other means so that the business activities will not be disrupted and will go on as effective as it should be. Not all outsourcing can give benefits of cost reduction. sometimes it can be costly too on the part of the client firm. Other matters related to confidentiality and security issues such as outsourcing processes related to payroll and other confidential information will be known by th e outsourcing provider.It might be noteworthy to consider one comment of a business leader that in order to be successful in business, it is better to cut the wastage than to cut costs. Westerners have also expressed their dissatisfaction and unhappiness of the pronunciation and diction of the phone centre agents in India and to add to this, there have been instances of leakage and improper use of customers data.Whether the multinational firm will outsource or not, there is nought conclusive. The firm must perform a comprehensive cost-benefit analysis before deciding on outsourcing. Also, with outsourcing, the days of patriotism and cultural nationalism are kaput(p) but what replaces is the satisfaction of the firms own benefit of maximum profitability.Referenceshttp//books.google.com.ph/books?id=OYZ_-EiBCJkCpg=PA5lpg=PA5dq=outsourcing+of+an+international+firmsource=blots=HoR0S6CD22sig=cgd7SEV0V3Biegi0RiNSyXnsHnQhl=enei=RvGRSoKzFdOIkQXx_ti7Cgsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=3v=o nepageq=f=falsehttp//www.ls-marketing.com/business/tips/advantages_and_disadvantages_of_outsourcing/http//www.ictstandards.com/Advantages_And_Disadvantages_Of_Outsourcing.htm

Money is the Root of All Evil Essay

M superstary is the Root of All Evil EssayDrugs the love of money is the fall of all evils almost people hold the false belief that they atomic number 18 unable to live without money at that placefore, they condition their lives from early childhood to realize wealthiness by whatever means possible. This conning into the love of money has resulted in various forms of evils such(prenominal) as stealing, kidnapping, and amerciable make use of of do medicatess, which have destroyed many lives and families. Among these, illegal use of drugs is one of the most discouraged habits in the Western society because of its widespread effects. In order to gain wealth, most people have propagated the use of drugs. The execration of drugs is a dangerous job in this century. Drugs have be amaze a component of the lives of most people who depend on them for such things as pleasure, depression, and medical relief. Currently, there is much controversy regarding the use of drugs.A drug is def ined as any substance that modifies biological, psychological, or social behavior (Gaines and Miller, 527). Nevertheless, in popular terminology the term drug denotes a more than specific connotation. When individuals talk of the drug problem or the war on drugs, or drug abuse, they are in particular referring to illicit drugs. More specifically, they are referring to illicit psychoactive drugs that influence the normal brain functions and change consciousness or perception. It is all-important(a) to note that nearly every drug that relates to the criminal justice system is considered psychoactive. The use of drugs is a controversial topic because at times the line betwixt licit and illicit drugs is difficult to draw.Hanson, Venturelli, and Fleckenstein note that the societys attitude regarding the use of drugs, as established by culture and tradition, affect our initial perception and use of a particular drug (55). Some cultures around the world use drugs to improve their cogni tive abilities, which include memory, concentration, thought, and several other things. Such drugs are usually referred to as nootropics. Several religions incorporate the use of drugs in their ceremonies, which obviously conflict with the regulations against the use of drugs. The most commonly used drugs in the ceremonies are the psychedelics, deliriants, stimulants, and sedatives. These drugs are referred to as entheogens. Most of the indigenous religions employ the use of drugs during their religious ceremonies. Shamanistic religions of the Americas, Asia, and other continents widely use drugs such as cannabis, the fly agaric, peyote, and opium. On the other hand, some religions such as Christianity prohibit the use of socially and legally acceptable drugs. Since some religions are entirely founded on the use of certain drugs, this has sparked controversies on whether to prevent such usage or allow it as a religious exception.The use of drugs has been highly politicized. The bus iness of selling drugs is considered as the second most profitable effort in the globe. It follows the dangerous trade in weapons but precedes oil trade. Therefore, many people around the world have used the drug industry to gain political power. The political issues concerning the use of drugs consist of, but not limited to, the substances that are defined as drugs, the means of supplying and controlling their use, and how the society relates with the individuals who abuse drugs. Why is tobacco and alcohol considered legal in most countries despite the fact that they are the leading cause of deaths in the world? This fact potently illustrates the political dimension of using drugs. Raven notes that, the status of various drugs has been greatly influenced by political and economic interests (para.5). For instance, cannabis was wrongly categorized as a narcotic and its use restricted mainly because of racist and economic reasons.Several nations in the world have regulations that ar e intended to criminalize some drug use. However, it is interesting to note that in most cases the legislation is self-referential which defines abuse according to what is made illegitimate and lists all the drugs specified by the legislation. These drugs are referred to as illegal. However, in true sense, what is illicit pertains to their unauthorized production, distribution, and ownership. Some countries refer to them as controlled substances. Because of the love of money, many world leaders have tolerated this practice in order to prevent their positions in power.Various influential social factors can motivate one to abuse drugs. These include, curing an illness, providing relaxation, relieving stress or anxiety, trying to escape reality, self-medicating, heightening awareness, scatty to distort and change visual, auditory, or sensual inputs, or the need to strengthen ones confidence (Hanson, Venturelli, and Fleckenstein, 6). Perceptions about the use of drugs taken from the v alues of other drug addicts, the traditions in the society, and the addicts personal experiences with using drugs are also considered as influential social factors. The reaction of the society to the use of various drugs changes with time and place. For example, currently, opium is considered as an illicit drug. It is widely condemned as a pathogen (a major cause of diseases). However, in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, it was considered as a legal drug. More so, it was commonly praised as a nostrum (a treatment for all manner of diseases).Every year, a lot of money is used in advertising alcohol and tobacco products to consumers with the aim of reaching as many potential customers as possible. For example, Kirsh points out that in 2006 alone, almost $1 billion was spent to advertise alcohol on television screens (158). This represented a twenty-seven percent increase from 2001. Despite the many deaths that result from alcohol consumption, the media has not stopped airing t hese advertisements. Surely, the love of money is the root of all evilsHowever, there are few, if any, advertisements that are intended to promote the use of illegal drugs. Tobacco and alcohol advertisements give the false image that the use of such drugs is regarded as a positive and a normative activity for the people who are living in the modern world.In order to address the increasing drug problem in todays society, educating the public through the media is one way of achieving this. Currently, promotions by alcohol and cigarette companies are found almost everywhere. The companies aim at increasing sugar therefore, they post their ads in magazines, television, radio, billboards, and even on little leaflets one gets after shopping their products. By using the media to promote their products, which most people do not require, the companies aim at increasing their consumer base. In carrying out promotions in a flash to the population, the drug companies aim at achieving at least two things first, to relay information directly to potential customers second, to increase the demand for their products. However, the society could have greatly benefited if the mass media was used to fight against the rampant habit of abuse of drugs. Such campaigns should be aimed at discouraging preteens and teens from early engagement into the life of drugs.In illustrating the devastating effects of drug abuse, we will start by examining the life of a 22-year-old single cleaning lady called Suzanne (DiDominico, 4). For the past four eld, she has been residing with her boyfriend called Jack in Manhattans lower east side and they have been addicted to heroin for many years now. When she was ten years old, her dad, who was addicted to alcohol, separated from her mom. Her mother then took the responsibility of bringing the kids up. When she was fourteen years, she started drinking and smoking marijuana and two years later, she dropped out of school. Her boyfriend introduced her t o heroin when she moved in with him. She got used to heroin faster because she had used the marijuana as a stepping-stone to the hard drug. Suzanne usually says that the heroin assists in calming her brace and enables her to have a good sleep at night. However, she has never enjoyed having sex with her boyfriend.The second case is about a 19-year-old alcohol addict called Eunice. Alcohol is one of the widely abused drugs by both adults and the young people. The prevalence of this problem has made teens like Eunice to get into alcohol related incidents. As more and more people abuse alcohol, more lives are being ruined. Eunice started drinking because she thought that her problems were inescapable, interminable, and intolerable. As she tried to subdue effects of loneliness, guilt, and self-reproach in her life, she became addicted to alcohol. even out though Eunice acknowledges that she gets a buzz and a good feeling for a while after drinking, her life has been changed completely due to the addiction. Eunice often complains of coordination difficulty, difficulty in standing, inappropriate sexual behavior, memory problems, stupor, and many other complications. This case illustrates the devastating effects of alcohol addiction.Presently, the abuse of drugs is increasingly becoming a societal problem. As illustrated by the two case studies above, most drug addicts start the behavior during their teenage years. This is because these years are the most crucial in the maturing process since the teens are faced with the difficult task of discovering their self-identity. Because of the love of money, drug dealers usually ensure that the drugs are readily available to this vulnerable group. Currently, most young people examine drugs as socially acceptable. The availability and variety of drugs is widespread and their demand by both the teens and the adults has risen to devastating levels. The urge to make money has made them to be even more accessible and the addict ion that follows has ruined many lives.The problem of drug abuse in our society today is very real and must(prenominal) be dealt with at all costs. However, to achieve this, we must tackle humanitys paramount problem the love of money. It is because of the love of money that the illicit trade in drugs is as yet being done in most countries. In most cases, the traders bribe the authorities in order to continue with their businesses. All this is taking place and thousands of lives are being destroyed every day. Are we able to live in a drug free society? Are we able to eliminate the problems that come due to drug abuse? Hopefully, the answer is yes, but after carefully examining the root cause of the problem.

We Are What We Know :: Culture Death Cultural Essays

We Are What We Know I screamed incoherently from fear and frustration regarding my predicament, (Arthur 5), when suddenly the word death became unwholesome reality. Death is a disgusting, sad word that strikes people when least expected. When my grandmother passed on to eternity a few days ago, I realized that oneness of the four links I had to my cultural background was gone(p). Despite one of the links being severed, my cultural beliefs, knowledge and lineage is clear and important to me. Although she is gone now, she has taught me, and left me with the knowledge of who I am. Through the constant celebration of cultural customs, I am well acquainted with my heritage and identity.One could only infer a more beautiful place than the one my family and I come from. With continual blue skies and golden grain growing further than a homophile eye can see, Ukraine is known as the breadbasket of Europe. It stretches from the Carpathian Mountains on the west to the Caucasus Mountains on the east, just north of the Black Sea. Through out history more Europeans and Asians shake up invaded Ukraine. They wanted to control its rich farmland and mineral resources. Ukraine has withstood border disputes with other surrounding Slavic countries. Since 1700, the Ukrainians belonged to czarist Russia, and western Ukraine lay in the Austrian Empire. In 1917, czarist Russia fell and Ukrainian tried to set up their own nation. During cosmea War I, Ukraine became the battleground for the Poles who together fought the Bolsheviks. Ukraine also was the battleground for World War II, with Ukraine falling into the hands of Soviet control. It was during that time that my grandparents and great grandparents were forced to leave everything behind and flee their burning homes and villages with only their clothes on their backs. arrive up in a Displaced Persons Camp in Germany in 1949, they settled there with others Ukrainian families awaiting host families to sponsor their journey to America, the home of the free. They may have had only few possessions with them, but when our family landed at a Mennonite farm in Ohio, they brought with them their cultural heritage, culture, identity.America was a land that accepted all ethnic people, giving the immigrants the opportunity to make a better life. My grandfather, who was the studious one, was not much help on the farm.

Joan Of Arc By Jules Basten Lepage Essay -- essays research papers

Joan of Arc, was painted by the French realist artist Jules Bastien-Lepage in 1879. After the commonwealth of Lorraine was lost to Germany following the Franco-Prussian War in 1821, The Frenchmen saw in Joan of Arc a new and powerful symbol. In 1875, Bastien-Lepage, a native of Lorraine began to make studies for a picture of her. In the present painting, exhibited in the Salon of 1880, Joan is shown receiving her revelation in her parents garden. Behind her are Saints Michael, Margaret, and Catherine. (Caption next to painting in The Metropolitan) Jules Bastien-Lepage creates a realistic atmosphere, including a supernatural, religious-like presence within his painting. Oil on canvas was used to create the realistic quality of the work. By closely examining the artists technique, it is clear that he uses delicate brush strokes in a true to life manner. The colors, and use of light seem to be painted in a layered contrive to give the landscape a sense of depth. The background of the painting is a garden which include foliage and brush that surrounds the primary focus of the painting, Joan of Arc. The artist dedicate a great effort into the details of the scene. Bastien-Lepage uses a distinct realistic quality in his painting which is visible in each individual peruse and branch. Various hues of earth tones, green and brown being the most evident, are blended together in the garden scene. In...